Thursday, November 01, 2007

五权分立多党比例制 - 长期政治稳定的保证

五权分立多党比例制 - 长期政治稳定的保证

刘学敏在 "比例代表制行不通"(《联合早报》,10月26日)一文中指出新加坡所已承袭的英国其实具备了“民选的独裁政体”的特质一点也没说错。就是因为这样,孙中山一早就否定了以英国的模式而制定中国民主方向的参考。孙中山是以美国三权分立的基础加以考量,设计出五权分立的亚洲民主概念。

目前,我国的体系除了执行权和立法权无法分隔以外,选举局、有监察权的贪污调查局与内部安全调查局和高级公务员与大法官的委任权都集中在执政党手里(总理公署)。这是非常集权的体制。我们也许认为目前没问题,但谁能担保几十年或百年以后不会出乱子呢?我认为除了实行比例代表制以外,这一些权力的分立也是非常有必要的。

我所提出的比例代表制是建立在五权分立的基础上。只有真正的权力分立的制度才能起着真正的权力制衡的体系。刘学敏提到我国有民选总统为一个制衡点,但事实上,这么多年的实践中,我们所目睹的是在一党独大的国会体制里,民选总统的权限是会被这执政党以修宪来加以削弱的。从这点看来,权力分立本身必须在立法权不被垄断的情况之下才能运行得好。而目前唯一能确保立法权不被垄断的机制便是比例代表制。

其实刘学敏所提出的少数政党在比例代表制里所起的作用是双面的。一方面,它能防止少数人或甚至民族被边缘化,另一方面它也能起着平衡关键的力量。至于所谓的“极端政见”变成国家方针,那倒也未必如此。在政治现实中,任何政党如果要保持多数民众支持,无可避免的,它们必须倾向于中间倾左或倾右。如果一个执政联盟里的第一大党没法在联盟里把握那微妙的政党政治平衡,被小政党牵着鼻子走的话,那无可避免的,它也必须面对下台的结果。许多人会认为那是政治不稳定,但事实上这是民主过程中必须经历的政党轮替的过程。

追根究底,任何一个民主体制要运作无碍,很多时候是要靠国民共同创造出来的核心价值观。这也必须依靠国民对民主认知和政治意识的提高才能做得到的。比如,之前我所提到的北欧的协商民主比例代表制尽管它充满了许多小政党,为什么会实施得如此成功呢?它们并不见得就会被“极端政见”的小政党左右朝纲。多党协商也不见得会造成政治不稳定。这其实与它们的人民教育水平和素质有莫大的关系。庞大的中产阶级左右了各个小政党的政策方向。与其说它们在各个领域的优势是因为有超能的政治领袖来治理国家,我倒是觉得是因为优秀的人民通过那协商民主比例制造就了一个能干而不被集权主义冲昏头脑的政府,而使他们的国家稳定、富强、经济竞争力领先诸国。

如果一个国家的贫富太悬殊,那很难免的,那一些所谓的拥有“极端政见”的政党必会有“市场”!在任何一个社会里,人民必定会进化而进步。而这动力其实很多时候是从政治斗争中所产生的。譬如,为了巩固政治实力而断绝人们对共产主义产生任何向往,除了以非常手段对付共产党员或甚至左派人物以外,其实最有效的是使多数人富裕起来,减少贫穷,这便会减少(暗地里)支持共产主义的人民。这是以往行动党所采取的策略。虽然左派只在国会里呆了短暂的时间,但他们对行动党也起了一定政治互动甚至斗争的推动力,而伸展到社会建设上。

所以我认为,在任何一段民主发展期间,就算有少数“极端”小政党有办法从比例制挤进国会,那只能说明它正体现了这社会在那个时代,真正存在着某种不平衡或分化的因素。执政的最大党或各个走中间路线的大党也因此须正视这群人的存在和他们的诉求,尽量把他们拉近中间多数主流的民众中。久而久之,这些“极端”小党便会失去群众支持而不得不改变路线。简单的说,如果有哪一些“极端”政党能生存在比例制的国会中,那么这也就是体现了这社会因某种原因发生了社会局部极端的分化。这反而是对社会潜伏的危机起了警号作用。

我并不认为一个体制如果有少数“极端”政党就必定会造成政治混乱。其实,在许多民主国家里,它们还是包容信奉共产主义的政党的存在。美国和欧盟各国都有合法的共产党。但它们并不是政治不稳定的因素。通常政治不稳定是由被忽略的社会分化所造成的。以色列为例,它政权动摇是由长期主战主流意识逐渐转变为主和意识所造成的,并非单纯的由多党执政联盟分裂所造成的。

我相信如果我们能认清这五权分立、协商比例代表制的运作而取得社会对民主的共识,我们就能建立一个比较完善、以人为本、更稳定的体系。

吴明盛

Wednesday, October 24, 2007

集权制度--政治的定时炸弹

集权制度--政治的定时炸弹


我要先感谢贵报拔出宝贵的大篇幅刊登我之前的“民主制度的意义”。我希望通过贵报以理性的态度来探讨我国目前所面对的政治问题,甚至是政治的计时炸弹。


我 必须对林金穆先生表明我并非“否定民主运作”,而只是指出有选举并不一定是体现民主全部的标准。就连独裁的共产国家都有选举,难道我们就此认定它们是民主 制吗?选举应是民权和民意的体现。如果有一半的选民没法行使他们的投票权,那这选举制度怎么可能真正体现民权呢?如果有四成的选民的政治意愿无法在这选举 制度中得到应有的代表,这又怎么可能完整的体现民意的动向呢?


讲 得具体一点,民主应是个协商过程, 而这协商过程必须容纳更多不同的声音和民意。北欧的比例制民主议会应该是我们作为参考的楷模。如果要举亚洲比例制的成功例子,那我会推荐香港,虽然它只是 中国的高度自治特区而又还没实现特首普选,但它的五权分立的概念非常清晰。虽然没有特定的弹劾院,但众所周知,它们的法院、廉署、媒体都非常独立,加上它 的公务员都必须通过考试才会被考虑录取,这体现了司法权、弹劾权和考试权的独立行使。它的执行权在特首,立法权在立法院,加上它还有地方区议会。它的立法 院一半是由比例制普选出来的,另一半是由功能组别选出来的。 民意和民权可以充分体现在整个制度里。


台 湾虽是五权宪法的制度,但由于过往实行的戒严期,这制度并没有真正体现五权分立的理念,也缺乏实践的空间。这也是为什么我在前文强调民主理念必须在宪法和 执行彻底贯彻的原因。台湾现在的政治乱象其实是由一个集权极端反弹过到另一个极端所造成的。这好比法国的革命一样,搞了百年才稳定下来。我绝对不愿看到这 种政治极端反射发生在新加坡,所以才希望我们能逐渐走向成熟的民主制度。


其实执政的行动党不是不知道现有的制度存在着一颗巨大的定时炸弹,只是诚如林君所说的,行动党为了现时的自身利益,要它修宪来分权真的比登天还难!这巨大的定时炸弹就是, 现有的集权制度如果落入意图不良的人手里(这些人有可能来自任何政党,包括行动党本身!),那新加坡必定面对前所未有的大灾难!


比 例制也不是完全对行动党无利。我大胆的讲一句,现时的行动党面对的是议员都缺乏真正选举战火的洗礼。尤其是它新一代的候选人,在上一次的大选中,口误频 频,就连一些所谓的资深候选人也如此。这是一种潜在危机的体现。在一个多数没有竞争环境里培养的政治人物,必定逃不过进化论的原理,只有退化和倒退。就算 目前的优势能让他们当选,但面对复杂的国际政治时,他们是否能应对自如呢?如果实行比例制而使更多代议士和部长都能在战火里磨炼,这不只对国家会更有益 处,对行动党也有好处。养兵不练兵,必败无疑。


更进一步来说,如果林君的意愿真的实现了,行动党失去两个集选区,那么这也意味着它也很可能失去两个或更多的部长级人物,这对行动党将是一个沉重的打击。如果是比例制,这样的结果就可以避免了。


游 戏规则是人定的,最重要是由谁来定夺。如果是由一党独大的执政党来制定,那很难避免它会利用它的执政优势来巩固自身的地位。这将是个恶性循环。如果我们能 以一个比较理智、真正为国家社稷和未来政治稳定的度量来看待这游戏规则的话,通过协商的民主过程来达至一个共识,重新为我们的“游戏规则”制定新方向,拆 除这巨大的政治定时炸弹,那么我们就可确保国家长期生存和稳定。


很遗憾的是,我想在现阶段,要叫行动党为国修宪,只有使它在以后的大选中失去多个集选区,让它尝到失去部长级人物的痛苦后,才能实现。


吴明盛

Wednesday, October 17, 2007

Translated: The Spirit of Democratic System

The following is the translation of my Chinese article published in ZaoBao, as requested by some readers:

The spirit of Democratic System

It is interesting to read about the discussion of “Democracy”in your paper's forum around 10 October, the celebration of the first success of Asian Democratic Revolution in China led by Dr. Sun Yat Sen. Since its during this period of celebration, I will start with Dr. Sun's theory of Democracy, i.e. The three principles of the people and the separation of Five Powers.

First of all, why would we want to talk about “Asian Democracy”? The ruling party PAP has always argued that we cannot just apply Western Democratic system on Asian societies because it is not compatible to Asian values. However, during the late 19th century and early 20th century, Dr. Sun Yat Sen has already provided an intellectual discourse on how to apply Democratic system that is suitable to one of largest Asian country, China. Although I do not agree with some of Dr. Sun's views, but I think Asian countries, including Singapore, could take Dr. Sun's discourse into serious consideration when implementing Democracy.

Although the process of democratic development is important, but we must ensure that the spirit of Democracy must be thoroughly enforce or implemented accordingly in the Constitutions as well as the execution process. Dr. Sun has been right on the spot in saying that Democracy is the balance between extremes, the total freedom Anarchist vs totalitarian rule. In any advanced society, total freedom values, Anarchist, cannot work. However, while we recognize the need of having a governing body in a society, modern Democratic society also recognize the potential ills that could be derived from a concentration of powers. This actually means that Democracy is built upon the “distrust” of human beings. This is because power could corrupt (human minds), absolute power corrupt absolutely but at the other extreme, total freedom would result in the demonstration of worse side of human beings.

This is also basically why Dr. Sun's revolution is unlike Western revolutions, never about “freedom” but about toppling the corrupt feudal system and build a system that is based no Democratic values and the separation of 5 powers. The importance of the separation (or rather, independence) of the 5 powers lies in the mechanism of REAL checks and balances. It prevents any individuals or ruling organization to monopolies power but at the same time, prevent any others to make use of the system's impeachment or legislative powers to prevent the normal functionality of the government. Throughout the whole revolution, it is all about the checks and balances of the powers. I will not comment on the success or failures of Dr. Sun's revolution but concentrate on on his Asian perspective of Democratic reforms.

The concept of Dr. Sun's 5 powers includes: Executive Power, Legislative Power, Judiciary Power, Power of Impeachment, Power of Examination. In fact, in Chinese ancient history, the concept of 5 powers has already existed. However, these 5 powers were concentrated under the courts of the Emperors. In comparison to the Western concept of 3 powers, the Chinese political administration is actually more advanced. This is because, other than the 3 powers, the Chinese have included another two important aspects of governance, the Imperial system of impeachment which acted as an internal checking mechanism, as well as the Examination system that aimed at selecting best talents to become court officials. These systems were set up to help the Emperor to implement a ruling system that would provide checks and balances within as well as selecting the best talents to help him rule the empire. Unfortunately, due to the nature of concentration of power, it normally led to problems of corruptions.

The fundamental problem lies with the rule of law/system vs human. If it is an totalitarian system, it will inevitably end up with the corruption under human rule. But it is not possible for the whole political system to base on books or rules only basically because it will inevitably involves human elements. Thus, the whole political views is focused on how to build a balanced system that would minimize corruption and at the same time, a selection process that would get the best people to join the government.

However, I cannot agree with Dr. Sun's concept of “Examination Power”. In his theory, all candidates for legislative representatives must go through a system of examination. This would mean that technically, the people do not have direct universal suffrage right on their political representatives. (Most likely it will end up with a total elitist system.) Dr. Sun might have advocated this rule basically because political awakening or awareness among the Chinese population may be lacking and this would prevent unscrupulous politicians from cheating votes. I do agree that all civil servants must go through a system of examination as a selection process to get good people to work in the government. But for representatives of people, I would prefer a more diverse representation from diverse background (instead of an elitist one).

I would say that this “Examination Power” should be a concept of “selection process” which would include “Power of Election”in the context of modern Democratic system. This would mean that the “Power of Election” must be separated and independently administered. i.e. The Election Department must be Independent.

Democracy is not what Mr. Lim's (a writer to ZaoBao on 11 October) deems to be, “majority rule”. Democracy emphasizes on people's power being adequately represented, powers of the system must be checked and the system must be balanced. If a ruling party systematically and relentlessly uses its monopoly of the parliament to amend the Constitution in a bid to ensure its entrenchment and continuous monopoly of power, then this isn't a compliant to Democratic principles.

In modern Singapore, we do not have any independent organization that is entrusted with the power of impeachment. Due to various reasons (not merely opposition parties do not have enough candidates) Parliament is monopolized by PAP and lost its function as a check on the government. On the other hand, the media could not perform effective checks on the government as well. Under all such circumstances, it is really undesirable for our long term development as a Nation.

In Western Democratic discourses, they have realized that there are weaknesses in “majority rule”. Such system of “majority rule” would end up with “tyranny of majority rule”. This is basically why in recent democratic development history in Western worlds, they have slowly shifted towards proportionate representation. Proportionate representation is relatively more rational. For example, if a GRC has 40% of voters that voted the opposition, the present system would not be able to give these voters an adequate voice or representation in parliament.

In Western Democratic discourses, they have realized that there are weaknesses in “majority rule”. Such system of “majority rule” would end up with “tyranny of majority rule”. This is basically why in recent democratic development history in Western worlds, they have slowly shifted towards proportionate representation. Proportionate representation is relatively more rational. For example, if a GRC has 40% of voters that voted the opposition, the present system would not be able to give these voters an adequate voice or representation in parliament.

In conclusion, I would illustrate the following criteria for a mature democratic system to evolve:

1) Separation of 5 powers which includes power of elections/examination and impeachment/ media/ freedom of expression.
2)A complete political participation of citizens and the exercise of their voting rights.
3)The checks on the powers
4)The balance maintained in the system
5)The diverse representation of people.


We must seriously examine the potential harm that a prolonged monopoly of power could bring to our nation. It is very unhealthy to have a system that lacks real checks and balance for a long period of time. I believe we should first understand Democracy and come to the simple conclusion that we have now is far from being democratic even though it has elections. The only way to prevent concentration of power of corrupting the human minds and leads to the corruption of the government is to set up a truly democratic system.

Most important of all, we must see clearly that there are no contradictions or incompatibility between Asian values and Democratic principles. This should not be the reason to reject the implementation of democratic system. From Chinese ancient history, we could observe clearly that for Asians, we also have a concept of checks and balances in maintaining our political system. We are at a cross road of political development in Singapore and it is an urgent matter for us to reform our political system now. This is because we cannot anticipate how the present political system will evolve in the post-LKY era. We must ensure that Singapore's political system must develop and extend in a stable manner. I personally feel that only via building a real mature democratic system would guarantee long term political stability for Singapore.

Goh Meng Seng

Sunday, October 14, 2007

民主制度的意义

民主制度的意义


在双十节前后拜读了贵报交流站关于“民主”的讨论,我觉得还蛮有意思的。既然是双十节,我就从孙中山先生的三民主义和五权分立谈“亚洲式的民主”吧!


首 先,为何谈“亚洲式民主”呢?执政的人民行动党经常说西方民主制度不能照搬,不适合亚洲民情。但事实上,早在十九世纪末,二十世纪初,孙中山先生就已经对 如何在亚洲大国之一的中国实施符合中国国情的亚洲民主制度作了具体的论述。虽然对孙先生的一些建议本人有一些保留,但大致上我还是认为亚洲国家,包括新加 坡,还是可以参考孙先生的论述。


虽 然说民主过程很重要,但民主的精神更必须在宪法、执行过程等彻底贯彻。孙中山先生在他的演讲中曾经说得很精确,民主是极端自由无政府主义和极端集权主义之 间的平衡。在任何进化先进的社会,极端自由无政府主义是行不通的。但是在认同有必要建立一个治理社会或国家的政府基础上,现代民主主义也意识到一个集权于 一身的政府或封建制度多数会产生许多弊端。这也意味着民主主义是建立在“不相信人性”的基础上,因为权力能使人腐败,极端集权更会使人彻底的腐败,而另一 个极端的自由也会使广大民众展现人性最丑恶的一面。


这 就是为什么孙中山先生的革命,并不象西方革命为“自由”而革命,而是为推翻腐败封制集权,建立另一个符合三民主义、五权分立的宪法政权。五权分立的重要性 在于它是一个互相制衡的制度。它防止任何一个人或集团垄断政权而变独裁,也防止任何人或集团借用弹劾权或立法权防止政府正常运作甚至瘫痪整个政府。在整个 政治改革运动中,讲求的是保持政权的互相制衡和有效运作。姑且不论孙先生的改革成败,我着重的是他本人以一个亚洲人对政治改革的期望与理念。


孙先生的五权观念是:执行权(Executive,总统和执行政府),立法权(Legislative,立法院), 司法权(Judiciary, 法院),弹劾权(Power of Impeachment, 监察院),考试权(Power of Examination, 考试院)。其实在中国的历史上,这五权概念早已经存在,只不过这五权都集中在于一体,帝皇制度。与西方的三权概念,中国的政治体系其实是更健全的,因为除了三权以外,中国很早就实行弹劾制度和考试(科举)制度。这些制度是为了使历代皇朝的皇帝拥有一个制衡文武百官、遴选贤才来治理国家。可惜的是,就因为权限集中,导致贪腐丛生。


问题的根源是人治和法制的矛盾。如果是集权制度,无可避免的是它将沦为腐败的人治。但纯为法治是不可能的,因为这当中总会牵涉到人的因素。所以在整个政治观念中,是如何建立起一个经得起时间考验,防止权力腐蚀人性导致政权腐败,而在此同时又能选贤加入执政团体的制度。


我无法认同的是孙先生的“考试权”观念。在他的论述中提到任何后备立法委员必须拥有被鉴定的资格才可被选为立法委员。这也就是说民众并没有直接普选议员的权力。这也许跟他处于的那个时代有关。在一个(民主)民智和民识还未开发的时代里,也许为了防止民众的选举权被不良政客骗取,所以才会立此法。我是赞同公务员必须通过考试制度遴选,但对于在国会的政治代议士,我反而觉得它应该包容越多不同背景的人越能对社会不同阶层有代表性。


我反而认为这“考试权”在现代民主制度可以容入“选举权”。这也就是说“选举权”必须独立分立。 负责选举事务的“选举局”必须独立分立。这才符合“五权分立”,建立互相独立监督牵制的机制。


民主制度并非如林金穆(“民主的过程很重要”,10112007,早报交流站)所说的那么简单,“少数服从多数”。民主制度讲求的是民权的代表性,对权力的制衡性和制度的平衡性。如果一个执政党不时运用它对国会的优势而不断修改宪法而使它继续独揽政权,这是不符合民主的理念的。


在现代的新加坡里,我们并没有设立独立的弹劾院,国会也因为各种原因(不只是单纯的反对党不够人选的问题)而被行动党垄断而失去真正的制衡功能,而媒体又没法扮演有效的弹劾或监督政府的功能,这种情况对我国长远的发展来说是非常不利的。


在西方的民主论述中,他们意识到“少数服从多数”这理念有它的缺陷。这样的“少数服从多数”的体制会导致“多数对少数的专制”(tyranny of majority rule)。这也就是为何在许多的西方国家里,他们都逐渐的把选举制度改革为比例制。比例制是比较合理的。比方说,在一个集选区里有四成的选民投给了反对党,但是现有的制度却没法给这四成选民的意愿在国会里得到充足的代表。


如 果实行比例制的话,在一个有五个议席的集选区,这反对党便可得到两个议席而可以代表那四成的选民。这样的制度就可以防止“多数对少数的专制”,也可以防止 任何政党独揽政权而使整个民主制度失效。这也可以扩充民众的政治参与,因为在这种制度下,任何政党都无需添满所有集选区的议席(比如五席集选区可派三个候选人参选), 而能在更多的集选区竞选。反对党也无需为了防止三角战而让选民少了政治选择。目前,许多新加坡人都因集选区制度实行的关系,长久以来失去了投票的机会。这 对提高国民意识是非常不利的。这是因为失去了选举的机会会逐渐的使民众去政治化,逐渐导致民众对国家大事漠不关心。比例选举制就能纠正这弊端。


终结以上观点,我认为一个健全的民主政治体制必须拥有几个特质:


  1. 五权分立,这包括“选举/考试权”,“弹劾/媒体/自由言论权”的分立。

  2. 民众全面政治参与和投票权的行使

  3. 政权的制衡性

  4. 确保制度的平衡性

  5. 广大民众的多元代表性


我 们必须正视我国政治被长期垄断所可能带来的灾害。一个长期没有被充分制衡的制度是非常不健康的。我认为,我们必须先对民主有所认知,而真正了解现有的政治 体系,虽然有选举但实质上,是离真正的民主体制还很远。唯一能防止集权制度腐蚀人性而使政权腐化的途径是建立真正的民主制度。


最 为重要的是,我们必须认清,亚洲价值观并非与民主理念有所冲突而断然拒绝实行民主制度。从中国悠久的政治历史可看得出我们东方人也有政治制衡的观念。我们 正处在政治改革的尖端,势在必行,因为我们无法估计在后李光耀时代会出现什么样的政治变化。我们必须确保我国的政治发展能平稳延续下去。我本身认为只有设 立一个健全真正的民主制度才能确保我国的政治长久的稳定。


吴明盛

Saturday, September 22, 2007

面对死亡

今天是父亲往生刚好一个月,这也是我和敏结婚的十周年纪念日,百感交加。今日也正是二十四节气里的秋分,真是“白露秋分夜,一夜冷一夜”,“一場秋雨一場寒“。

人生就是那样的错综复杂.敏一早便祝我结婚十周年快乐,还问我是否忘了我们的结婚纪念日。我苦笑了一会儿,无言以对。当年是无意中选择了秋分为我们结婚的日子,这也成为我最容易记得的日子。我这一生似乎与二十四节气结下不了之缘。我和孩子都生于二十四节气中,与敏结婚在秋分,父亲也在二十四节气的处署往生。

秋分是个阴阳平衡的日子。太阳在这一天直射赤道,不偏袒南北半球,使全球的白天或黑夜都一样长。就在这阴阳平衡的日子里,我也感受到了阳喜阴哀的交错。

学佛修行以来,一直以为我能坦荡面对生存与死亡。直到父亲突然患上急症而往生时,我才了解到要战胜死亡所带来的苦,并不是我想象中的容易。我这一生中,从十三岁起就面对好友的死亡,陆陆续续到丧礼吊丧无数。十三岁的那场机遇使我开始对人生意义的探索,对鬼神、宗教的检验。这不间断的茫茫搜寻持续了十五年,直到归依佛法为止。在这漫长的信仰探询之路,我以为自己能了解和了结生死,其实不然。

只有真正面对至亲的死亡时,人才能真正了解自己。从死亡之前的病发、焦虑、病危、家人的悲伤、悲痛、挥别、面对、执著、哭丧、领尸、安棺、办丧、助念、出殡、做七 等等,这一切的过程都蕴藏着种种苦升起的机缘。一不小心,我们便会被自己的执著战胜而让苦给淹盖。

在这亚洲华人社会里讲”死“,是一种巨大的禁忌。但偏偏”死“确实是每一个人都不能避免得了的过程。我们不止要面对自己死亡的恐惧,更要常常面对周遭人的死亡与葬礼。纵然有再大的禁忌,死亡是无可避免的。面对死亡也就是必然的。遗憾的是,我为自己的死亡准备了大半生,却经不起父亲往生的考验。

佛陀所教育我们的四圣谛,十二因缘,八正道,一点也不假。只是得到佛法和实践是完全两回事。也许我对自己是要求过高,但我想如果要想真正脱离这轮回之苦,我们总要达到一定的水平。在众兄弟姐妹之中,我可算是看得最开的一个了。虽然在整个过程中保持念念分明,但是还是难免在不同时候护不了心境,被苦攻克而哭泣了。

也许有人会问,父亲往生而作为儿子的哭泣有什么不妥?道儒习俗视孝子哭泣为孝道,更有人付钱请人在丧礼上大哭特哭以表孝顺。 佛教丧礼并非如此。佛教丧礼最主要的是要让亡者走得安心、心无挂碍、没有执著,这样才顺利能往生上三道,甚至极乐佛土而不会因有贪、憎、痴堕下三道。所以佛教丧礼讲究的是庄严、集中心思助念,请法师颂经开示,积功德回响亡者,尽力助亡者往生佛土。佛教丧礼没有很多普通华人习俗的禁忌,但是最忌未亡人哭闹,因为这样会使亡者心意烦躁,心起执著、爱取,反而耽误亡者顺利往生佛土。

人,毕竟是血肉之躯,感性之动物。面对至亲往生,必然会悲从心升。唯有一定修行者才能自制、看破、放下,而不会被执著、爱取征服,被苦给纠缠。每一段死亡过程都是修行的机缘,修佛法者更应珍稀至亲的死亡过程为证悟的因缘。这是因为只有通过自己最亲的人的往生,我们才能真正了解苦、集、灭、道,十二因缘的真谛。但这并不能由哭泣而产生的,而是由念念分明的内观才能证得。

我希望在我归西之时,孩孙都能自制,不须哭,更重要的是能以我的往生为自悟的因缘,念念分明的内观心境以了悟五蕴皆空的道理。

吴明盛

Sunday, April 15, 2007

政治使命



最近闹得议论腾腾的部长加薪渐渐落幕了,但今天拜读了早报庄永康先生的大作“开路人的道德感召力”(二007年四月十五日,第十七版早报)后,我感受良多。

虽然整篇文章只用部长加薪作话头,但可以从他描述越南的政治状况里看到他笔锋直指行动党部长加薪所触及的政治道德问题。这种“含蓄”的“软中带硬的力量”的确令人钦佩。这令我想起不久前有网民问我的一句话,“你是政客还是政治家?”。

何谓政客?又何谓政治家?对我来说,政客就有如古代在权力走廊川流不息的说客(又叫食客),只为名利奔跑、献策。他们“从政”的目的,不是为着什么伟大政治理想,很多时候也只是为糊口或拿点赏钱。有许多更是滥竽充数,不学无术的读书人,眼里除了“黄金屋”也就没有其它,更不用说什么“无私的奉献”了!但是当时的贵族为了巩固自己的政治势力,大都愿意付出重金养了一大批食客,原因无他,就是宁可聘请错人,把庸才当人才,也不肯让政治对手聘请到真正的人才,以威胁自己的政治地位!这就是用钱垄断“人才”的计谋!但这也助长了庸才混水摸鱼的形势。要怎么从一堆参差庸才的食客里选出真正的“人才”,那得靠各“主子”的慧眼了。但就算是选出真正的“人才”,这一些人归根究底还不算是一流的“政治家”。

真正的政治家就大有所不同。政治家有他们的理想和执著。他们能为了理想,不惜一切,甚至牺牲自己的性命和幸福也在所不惜。他们往往在追随者的心目中都有崇高的精神领袖的地位。他们也往往以身作则,以无私的奉献感召身边的所有人为着政治的信念而奋斗。他们凭着坚强的毅力为那时代的政治使命而奋斗。但是,不是所有的政治家都能成功。有一些更是一败涂地。只有少数成功者才会有人记得。这就是政治现实的残酷。

政治家大都是产生于他们那一代人对政治的诉求与渴望而汇生出的政治使命感。如果没有对现实环境不满而拥有强烈的使命感和勇气去追求变革,政治家就无法拥有坚固的精神支柱与信念去开垦充满烂泥沼泽的政治荒野。如果没有梦想,政治家就无法去创造出对未来的憧憬来激励追随者,让他们在面对种种困难时永不言放弃。但政治家也不能永远沉迷于自己的幻想之中。他也必须面对现实生活残酷的一面。他也必须为三餐温饱的问题烦恼。他也必须面对政治上许许多多的现实问题而做出抉择和取舍。终究每一个人都必须为自己、家人、社会和国家负起应有的责任。但有一点是非常肯定的是,政治家绝对不会被金钱所收买。这是因为他们都是以精神为粮食、理念为根本,如果他们的灵魂能被金钱所收买,他们的生命就没有什么意义了。对他们来说,这比死还难受。他们宁愿死也不会出卖自己的灵魂。历史上许多“失败”政治家,就算在政治斗争中失势甚至阵亡,他们也不会出卖自己的信念和灵魂。

如果一个政治人物只会去计较自己薪金是否是比得上全国最高的前几位的话,那很肯定的是,他只把他的政治地位看成是一份“工作”而已,并不是什么伟大事业。这些所谓的“人才”也只不过是“技术人才”,称不上是“政治家”。一个普通中等收入工人的年薪是大约两万元而部长的一百多万的年薪就等于一个小市民50年的薪金!这也就是说部长一年的薪金就等于小市民一辈子所能赚取的薪水!一个真正的政治家绝对不会再为这样优厚的薪酬而叫屈,嚷嚷着要再加薪!

政治家需要环境来培育的。难道我们现今社会真的无法培育出新一代的政治家吗?纵然我们长期被强行灌输功利主义的思想,甚至大选时也被执政党利用物质上的利弊来威迫利诱选民,我还是相信在许许多多新加坡人当中存在着一些不畏权势,不为利诱所收买的人。上一次大选至少证明了有33。3% 的新加坡人就有这种骨气,深明大义的认知。

一个健全的社会体制必须依靠真正有意愿为大众服务的政治家带领,才能走向光明的前程。如果要使整个体制持续百年,我们就不能单靠一些只有高薪才能养廉、只有高薪才肯为国家社会服务的“人才”!我们真正需要的是有远景、有理想、有魄力更有政治使命感召的政治家,而不只是“技术官僚”!

现今的社会之所以会产生唯利是图的现象,知识分子和所谓的“政治人才”都只在乎薪金够不够高而失去了“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”的情操,是有原由的。执政党在长达50年的政治垄断之下,忽略了人文的培养和刻意的鼓励人民追求物质上的满足而减少政治的参与,甚至说服国民给予执政党几乎100%的权利垄断。久而久之,国人就逐渐的对政治服务失去兴趣,反而只着重于物质上的追求,忽略了精神上更高层次的探索。这也就是为什么理应带有“为国服务”的政治职位也需要以数百万、比普通市民多出50甚至100倍的年薪才能“吸引”到“人才”来担当!一个国家社会的知识分子和精英本应是国家的栋梁,但到头来也只为百万薪金所动,而不是以“当仁不让”的政治使命、精神去负起政治领袖的职责,这正是新加坡的悲哀。

我时常警惕自己,千万不要忘了为何而战,为何而踏出这一步,去淌这政治浊水。纵然我算不上是什么伟大的政治家,但至少我很清楚自己的政治使命,那就是打破行动党的政治垄断,建设一个更平衡的民主机制。最重要的是,千万别让自己变成一个平庸,没有政治信念的政客。这将是一条很艰辛的政治道路。

吴明盛

Tuesday, January 30, 2007

Are you prepared for your eventual death?

In Asian societies, most people will refrain from talking about death, in whatever context. I feel that it is really interesting as people will find it a taboo to talk about something that will definitely occur to everybody.

Dying is the only equalizer for everybody, so the wise man says. However, it seems that nobody wants to talk about it. Although most religions evolve around death, or rather the fear of death, but in modern days, most religions have become a "tool" for us to pray for prosperity and safe living!

There philosophical side of death as well as the practical side. The long old argument of life after death will continue to go on and on but the simple practical aspect of what to do with the body, remains, ashes, what kind of urn to buy for the ashes, what kind of rituals, distribution of the money left by the deceased etc have dominated the agenda of those living in dealing with the dead.

Most of the time, the living will even take the opportunity to "make use" of the dead to ensure prosperity for themselves! i.e. choose the "best fengshui site" for burial or placing the urn of ashes. It seems strange to me because if religion dictates that once a person is dead, he will either go to heaven or hell or reincarnated into animals or human again, then would the dead be bothered with his own remains or ashes? But it seems that it is the living that is more concerned about the dead's ashes.

There are many different rituals for the dead, in the name of doing good to the dead as well as the living. The "price tags" on these rituals are not cheap at all. It seems that it is a very lucrative business in dealing with the dead. But it will also mean that the living will have to bear a big bill on dealing with the funeral for the dead.

On the other hand, there are people who will always want the "BEST" for the dead. This is intriguing in the sense that if the person is dead and gone to whatever places (depend on what your religious belief is) he or she should go, then could the dead really "enjoy" the "BEST" things that you are trying so hard to provide AFTER being dead?

It is also interesting to note that many people have many apprehension about being dead and how a funeral should be conducted. There are many mixture of folks tale, custom belief and religion in carrying out the funeral. In the end, money are spent based on the "fear" of "not doing enough" for the dead as well as the living.

I believe everyone of us should spend some time in contemplating on our eventual death itself. Our will should also include how we want our funeral to be, what need to be done and what need not to be done. Else, those we left behind will suffer unnecessary financial expenses.

Goh Meng Seng